break;
        }
      }
    }
  }
  if( nTerm==1
   && zType && sqlite3StrICmp(zType, "INTEGER")==0
   && sortOrder==SQLITE_SO_ASC
  ){
    pTab->iPKey = iCol;
    pTab->keyConf = (u8)onError;
    assert( autoInc==0 || autoInc==1 );
    pTab->tabFlags |= autoInc*TF_Autoincrement;
    if( pList ) pParse->iPkSortOrder = pList->a[0].sortOrder;
  }else if( autoInc ){
................................................................................
  int nByte;
  int i;
  int nCol;
  char *z;

  assert( pTo!=0 );
  if( p==0 || IN_DECLARE_VTAB ) goto fk_end;


  if( pFromCol==0 ){
    int iCol = p->nCol-1;
    if( NEVER(iCol<0) ) goto fk_end;
    if( pToCol && pToCol->nExpr!=1 ){
      sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "foreign key on %s"
         " should reference only one column of table %T",
         p->aCol[iCol].zName, pTo);
................................................................................
  ** So create a fake list to simulate this.
  */
  if( pList==0 ){
    pList = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse, 0, 0);
    if( pList==0 ) goto exit_create_index;
    pList->a[0].zName = sqlite3DbStrDup(pParse->db,
                                        pTab->aCol[pTab->nCol-1].zName);
    pList->a[0].sortOrder = (u8)sortOrder;

  }

  /* Figure out how many bytes of space are required to store explicitly
  ** specified collation sequence names.
  */
  for(i=0; i<pList->nExpr; i++){
    Expr *pExpr = pList->a[i].pExpr;
................................................................................
    if( pParse->nErr ){
      sqlite3KeyInfoUnref(pKey);
      pKey = 0;
    }
  }
  return pKey;
}



























#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_CTE
/* 
** This routine is invoked once per CTE by the parser while parsing a 
** WITH clause. 
*/
With *sqlite3WithAdd(
................................................................................
  Token *pName,           /* Name of the common-table */
  ExprList *pArglist,     /* Optional column name list for the table */
  Select *pQuery          /* Query used to initialize the table */
){
  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
  With *pNew;
  char *zName;



  /* Check that the CTE name is unique within this WITH clause. If
  ** not, store an error in the Parse structure. */
  zName = sqlite3NameFromToken(pParse->db, pName);
  if( zName && pWith ){
    int i;
    for(i=0; i<pWith->nCte; i++){

          break;
        }
      }
    }
  }
  if( nTerm==1
   && zType && sqlite3StrICmp(zType, "INTEGER")==0
   && sortOrder!=SQLITE_SO_DESC
  ){
    pTab->iPKey = iCol;
    pTab->keyConf = (u8)onError;
    assert( autoInc==0 || autoInc==1 );
    pTab->tabFlags |= autoInc*TF_Autoincrement;
    if( pList ) pParse->iPkSortOrder = pList->a[0].sortOrder;
  }else if( autoInc ){
................................................................................
  int nByte;
  int i;
  int nCol;
  char *z;

  assert( pTo!=0 );
  if( p==0 || IN_DECLARE_VTAB ) goto fk_end;
  sqlite3RestrictColumnListSyntax(pParse, pFromCol);
  sqlite3RestrictColumnListSyntax(pParse, pToCol);
  if( pFromCol==0 ){
    int iCol = p->nCol-1;
    if( NEVER(iCol<0) ) goto fk_end;
    if( pToCol && pToCol->nExpr!=1 ){
      sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "foreign key on %s"
         " should reference only one column of table %T",
         p->aCol[iCol].zName, pTo);
................................................................................
  ** So create a fake list to simulate this.
  */
  if( pList==0 ){
    pList = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse, 0, 0);
    if( pList==0 ) goto exit_create_index;
    pList->a[0].zName = sqlite3DbStrDup(pParse->db,
                                        pTab->aCol[pTab->nCol-1].zName);
    assert( pList->nExpr==1 );
    sqlite3ExprListSetSortOrder(pList, sortOrder);
  }

  /* Figure out how many bytes of space are required to store explicitly
  ** specified collation sequence names.
  */
  for(i=0; i<pList->nExpr; i++){
    Expr *pExpr = pList->a[i].pExpr;
................................................................................
    if( pParse->nErr ){
      sqlite3KeyInfoUnref(pKey);
      pKey = 0;
    }
  }
  return pKey;
}

/*
** Generate a syntax error if the expression list provided contains
** any COLLATE or ASC or DESC keywords.
**
** Some legacy versions of SQLite allowed constructs like:
**
**      CREATE TABLE x(..., FOREIGN KEY(x COLLATE binary DESC) REFERENCES...);
**                                        ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
**
** The COLLATE and sort order terms were ignored.  To prevent compatibility
** problems in case something like this appears in a legacy sqlite_master
** table, only enforce the restriction on new SQL statements, not when
** parsing the schema out of the sqlite_master table.
*/
void sqlite3RestrictColumnListSyntax(Parse *pParse, ExprList *p){
  int i;
  if( p==0 || pParse->db->init.busy ) return;
  for(i=0; i<p->nExpr; i++){
    if( p->a[i].pExpr!=0 || p->a[i].bDefinedSO ){
      sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "syntax error after column name \"%w\"",
                      p->a[i].zName);
      return;
    }
  }
}

#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_CTE
/* 
** This routine is invoked once per CTE by the parser while parsing a 
** WITH clause. 
*/
With *sqlite3WithAdd(
................................................................................
  Token *pName,           /* Name of the common-table */
  ExprList *pArglist,     /* Optional column name list for the table */
  Select *pQuery          /* Query used to initialize the table */
){
  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
  With *pNew;
  char *zName;

  sqlite3RestrictColumnListSyntax(pParse, pArglist);

  /* Check that the CTE name is unique within this WITH clause. If
  ** not, store an error in the Parse structure. */
  zName = sqlite3NameFromToken(pParse->db, pName);
  if( zName && pWith ){
    int i;
    for(i=0; i<pWith->nCte; i++){

no_mem:     
  /* Avoid leaking memory if malloc has failed. */
  sqlite3ExprDelete(db, pExpr);
  sqlite3ExprListDelete(db, pList);
  return 0;
}
















/*
** Set the ExprList.a[].zName element of the most recently added item
** on the expression list.
**
** pList might be NULL following an OOM error.  But pName should never be
** NULL.  If a memory allocation fails, the pParse->db->mallocFailed flag

no_mem:     
  /* Avoid leaking memory if malloc has failed. */
  sqlite3ExprDelete(db, pExpr);
  sqlite3ExprListDelete(db, pList);
  return 0;
}

/*
** Set the sort order for the last element on the given ExprList.
*/
void sqlite3ExprListSetSortOrder(ExprList *p, int iSortOrder){
  if( p==0 ) return;
  assert( SQLITE_SO_UNDEFINED<0 && SQLITE_SO_ASC>=0 && SQLITE_SO_DESC>0 );
  assert( p->nExpr>0 );
  if( iSortOrder<0 ){
    assert( p->a[p->nExpr-1].sortOrder==SQLITE_SO_ASC );
    return;
  }
  p->a[p->nExpr-1].sortOrder = (u8)iSortOrder;
  p->a[p->nExpr-1].bDefinedSO = 1;
}

/*
** Set the ExprList.a[].zName element of the most recently added item
** on the expression list.
**
** pList might be NULL following an OOM error.  But pName should never be
** NULL.  If a memory allocation fails, the pParse->db->mallocFailed flag

%type sortlist {ExprList*}
%destructor sortlist {sqlite3ExprListDelete(pParse->db, $$);}

orderby_opt(A) ::= .                          {A = 0;}
orderby_opt(A) ::= ORDER BY sortlist(X).      {A = X;}
sortlist(A) ::= sortlist(X) COMMA expr(Y) sortorder(Z). {
  A = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,X,Y.pExpr);
  if( A ) A->a[A->nExpr-1].sortOrder = (u8)Z;
}
sortlist(A) ::= expr(Y) sortorder(Z). {
  A = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,0,Y.pExpr);
  if( A && ALWAYS(A->a) ) A->a[0].sortOrder = (u8)Z;
}

%type sortorder {int}

sortorder(A) ::= ASC.           {A = SQLITE_SO_ASC;}
sortorder(A) ::= DESC.          {A = SQLITE_SO_DESC;}
sortorder(A) ::= .              {A = SQLITE_SO_ASC;}

%type groupby_opt {ExprList*}
%destructor groupby_opt {sqlite3ExprListDelete(pParse->db, $$);}
groupby_opt(A) ::= .                      {A = 0;}
groupby_opt(A) ::= GROUP BY nexprlist(X). {A = X;}

%type having_opt {Expr*}
................................................................................
idxlist_opt(A) ::= .                         {A = 0;}
idxlist_opt(A) ::= LP idxlist(X) RP.         {A = X;}
idxlist(A) ::= idxlist(X) COMMA nm(Y) collate(C) sortorder(Z).  {
  Expr *p = sqlite3ExprAddCollateToken(pParse, 0, &C, 1);
  A = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,X, p);
  sqlite3ExprListSetName(pParse,A,&Y,1);
  sqlite3ExprListCheckLength(pParse, A, "index");
  if( A ) A->a[A->nExpr-1].sortOrder = (u8)Z;
}
idxlist(A) ::= nm(Y) collate(C) sortorder(Z). {
  Expr *p = sqlite3ExprAddCollateToken(pParse, 0, &C, 1);
  A = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,0, p);
  sqlite3ExprListSetName(pParse, A, &Y, 1);
  sqlite3ExprListCheckLength(pParse, A, "index");
  if( A ) A->a[A->nExpr-1].sortOrder = (u8)Z;
}

%type collate {Token}
collate(C) ::= .                 {C.z = 0; C.n = 0;}
collate(C) ::= COLLATE ids(X).   {C = X;}

%type sortlist {ExprList*}
%destructor sortlist {sqlite3ExprListDelete(pParse->db, $$);}

orderby_opt(A) ::= .                          {A = 0;}
orderby_opt(A) ::= ORDER BY sortlist(X).      {A = X;}
sortlist(A) ::= sortlist(X) COMMA expr(Y) sortorder(Z). {
  A = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,X,Y.pExpr);
  sqlite3ExprListSetSortOrder(A,Z);
}
sortlist(A) ::= expr(Y) sortorder(Z). {
  A = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,0,Y.pExpr);
  sqlite3ExprListSetSortOrder(A,Z);
}

%type sortorder {int}

sortorder(A) ::= ASC.           {A = SQLITE_SO_ASC;}
sortorder(A) ::= DESC.          {A = SQLITE_SO_DESC;}
sortorder(A) ::= .              {A = SQLITE_SO_UNDEFINED;}

%type groupby_opt {ExprList*}
%destructor groupby_opt {sqlite3ExprListDelete(pParse->db, $$);}
groupby_opt(A) ::= .                      {A = 0;}
groupby_opt(A) ::= GROUP BY nexprlist(X). {A = X;}

%type having_opt {Expr*}
................................................................................
idxlist_opt(A) ::= .                         {A = 0;}
idxlist_opt(A) ::= LP idxlist(X) RP.         {A = X;}
idxlist(A) ::= idxlist(X) COMMA nm(Y) collate(C) sortorder(Z).  {
  Expr *p = sqlite3ExprAddCollateToken(pParse, 0, &C, 1);
  A = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,X, p);
  sqlite3ExprListSetName(pParse,A,&Y,1);
  sqlite3ExprListCheckLength(pParse, A, "index");
  sqlite3ExprListSetSortOrder(A,Z);
}
idxlist(A) ::= nm(Y) collate(C) sortorder(Z). {
  Expr *p = sqlite3ExprAddCollateToken(pParse, 0, &C, 1);
  A = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,0, p);
  sqlite3ExprListSetName(pParse, A, &Y, 1);
  sqlite3ExprListCheckLength(pParse, A, "index");
  sqlite3ExprListSetSortOrder(A,Z);
}

%type collate {Token}
collate(C) ::= .                 {C.z = 0; C.n = 0;}
collate(C) ::= COLLATE ids(X).   {C = X;}

};

/*
** A sort order can be either ASC or DESC.
*/
#define SQLITE_SO_ASC       0  /* Sort in ascending order */
#define SQLITE_SO_DESC      1  /* Sort in ascending order */


/*
** Column affinity types.
**
** These used to have mnemonic name like 'i' for SQLITE_AFF_INTEGER and
** 't' for SQLITE_AFF_TEXT.  But we can save a little space and improve
** the speed a little by numbering the values consecutively.  
................................................................................
    Expr *pExpr;            /* The list of expressions */
    char *zName;            /* Token associated with this expression */
    char *zSpan;            /* Original text of the expression */
    u8 sortOrder;           /* 1 for DESC or 0 for ASC */
    unsigned done :1;       /* A flag to indicate when processing is finished */
    unsigned bSpanIsTab :1; /* zSpan holds DB.TABLE.COLUMN */
    unsigned reusable :1;   /* Constant expression is reusable */

    union {
      struct {
        u16 iOrderByCol;      /* For ORDER BY, column number in result set */
        u16 iAlias;           /* Index into Parse.aAlias[] for zName */
      } x;
      int iConstExprReg;      /* Register in which Expr value is cached */
    } u;
................................................................................
void sqlite3ExprAttachSubtrees(sqlite3*,Expr*,Expr*,Expr*);
Expr *sqlite3PExpr(Parse*, int, Expr*, Expr*, const Token*);
Expr *sqlite3ExprAnd(sqlite3*,Expr*, Expr*);
Expr *sqlite3ExprFunction(Parse*,ExprList*, Token*);
void sqlite3ExprAssignVarNumber(Parse*, Expr*);
void sqlite3ExprDelete(sqlite3*, Expr*);
ExprList *sqlite3ExprListAppend(Parse*,ExprList*,Expr*);

void sqlite3ExprListSetName(Parse*,ExprList*,Token*,int);
void sqlite3ExprListSetSpan(Parse*,ExprList*,ExprSpan*);
void sqlite3ExprListDelete(sqlite3*, ExprList*);
u32 sqlite3ExprListFlags(const ExprList*);
int sqlite3Init(sqlite3*, char**);
int sqlite3InitCallback(void*, int, char**, char**);
void sqlite3Pragma(Parse*,Token*,Token*,Token*,int);
................................................................................
CollSeq *sqlite3BinaryCompareCollSeq(Parse *, Expr *, Expr *);
int sqlite3TempInMemory(const sqlite3*);
const char *sqlite3JournalModename(int);
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
  int sqlite3Checkpoint(sqlite3*, int, int, int*, int*);
  int sqlite3WalDefaultHook(void*,sqlite3*,const char*,int);
#endif

#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_CTE
  With *sqlite3WithAdd(Parse*,With*,Token*,ExprList*,Select*);
  void sqlite3WithDelete(sqlite3*,With*);
  void sqlite3WithPush(Parse*, With*, u8);
#else
#define sqlite3WithPush(x,y,z)
#define sqlite3WithDelete(x,y)

};

/*
** A sort order can be either ASC or DESC.
*/
#define SQLITE_SO_ASC       0  /* Sort in ascending order */
#define SQLITE_SO_DESC      1  /* Sort in ascending order */
#define SQLITE_SO_UNDEFINED -1 /* No sort order specified */

/*
** Column affinity types.
**
** These used to have mnemonic name like 'i' for SQLITE_AFF_INTEGER and
** 't' for SQLITE_AFF_TEXT.  But we can save a little space and improve
** the speed a little by numbering the values consecutively.  
................................................................................
    Expr *pExpr;            /* The list of expressions */
    char *zName;            /* Token associated with this expression */
    char *zSpan;            /* Original text of the expression */
    u8 sortOrder;           /* 1 for DESC or 0 for ASC */
    unsigned done :1;       /* A flag to indicate when processing is finished */
    unsigned bSpanIsTab :1; /* zSpan holds DB.TABLE.COLUMN */
    unsigned reusable :1;   /* Constant expression is reusable */
    unsigned bDefinedSO :1; /* True if either DESC or ASC keywords present */
    union {
      struct {
        u16 iOrderByCol;      /* For ORDER BY, column number in result set */
        u16 iAlias;           /* Index into Parse.aAlias[] for zName */
      } x;
      int iConstExprReg;      /* Register in which Expr value is cached */
    } u;
................................................................................
void sqlite3ExprAttachSubtrees(sqlite3*,Expr*,Expr*,Expr*);
Expr *sqlite3PExpr(Parse*, int, Expr*, Expr*, const Token*);
Expr *sqlite3ExprAnd(sqlite3*,Expr*, Expr*);
Expr *sqlite3ExprFunction(Parse*,ExprList*, Token*);
void sqlite3ExprAssignVarNumber(Parse*, Expr*);
void sqlite3ExprDelete(sqlite3*, Expr*);
ExprList *sqlite3ExprListAppend(Parse*,ExprList*,Expr*);
void sqlite3ExprListSetSortOrder(ExprList*,int);
void sqlite3ExprListSetName(Parse*,ExprList*,Token*,int);
void sqlite3ExprListSetSpan(Parse*,ExprList*,ExprSpan*);
void sqlite3ExprListDelete(sqlite3*, ExprList*);
u32 sqlite3ExprListFlags(const ExprList*);
int sqlite3Init(sqlite3*, char**);
int sqlite3InitCallback(void*, int, char**, char**);
void sqlite3Pragma(Parse*,Token*,Token*,Token*,int);
................................................................................
CollSeq *sqlite3BinaryCompareCollSeq(Parse *, Expr *, Expr *);
int sqlite3TempInMemory(const sqlite3*);
const char *sqlite3JournalModename(int);
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
  int sqlite3Checkpoint(sqlite3*, int, int, int*, int*);
  int sqlite3WalDefaultHook(void*,sqlite3*,const char*,int);
#endif
void sqlite3RestrictColumnListSyntax(Parse*,ExprList*);
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_CTE
  With *sqlite3WithAdd(Parse*,With*,Token*,ExprList*,Select*);
  void sqlite3WithDelete(sqlite3*,With*);
  void sqlite3WithPush(Parse*, With*, u8);
#else
#define sqlite3WithPush(x,y,z)
#define sqlite3WithDelete(x,y)

# 2014-08-24
#
# The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
# a legal notice, here is a blessing:
#
#    May you do good and not evil.
#    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
#    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
#
#***********************************************************************
# This file implements regression tests for SQLite library.
# The focus of this script is testing details of the SQL language parser.
# 

set testdir [file dirname $argv0]
source $testdir/tester.tcl

do_catchsql_test parser1-1.1 {
  CREATE TABLE t1(
    a TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
    b TEXT,
    FOREIGN KEY(b COLLATE nocase DESC) REFERENCES t1(a COLLATE binary ASC)
  );
} {1 {syntax error after column name "a"}}
do_execsql_test parser1-1.2 {
  CREATE TABLE t1(
    a TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
    b TEXT,
    FOREIGN KEY(b) REFERENCES t1(a)
  );
  INSERT INTO t1 VALUES('abc',NULL),('xyz','abc');
  PRAGMA writable_schema=on;
  UPDATE sqlite_master SET sql='CREATE TABLE t1(
    a TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
    b TEXT,
    FOREIGN KEY(b COLLATE nocase) REFERENCES t1(a)
  )' WHERE name='t1';
  SELECT name FROM sqlite_master WHERE sql LIKE '%collate%';
} {t1}
sqlite3 db2 test.db
do_test parser1-1.3 {
  sqlite3 db2 test.db
  db2 eval {SELECT * FROM t1 ORDER BY 1}
} {abc {} xyz abc}


do_catchsql_test parser1-2.1 {
  WITH RECURSIVE
    c(x COLLATE binary) AS (VALUES(1) UNION SELECT x+1 FROM c WHERE x<5)
  SELECT x FROM c;
} {1 {syntax error after column name "x"}}
do_catchsql_test parser1-2.2 {
  WITH RECURSIVE
    c(x ASC) AS (VALUES(1) UNION SELECT x+1 FROM c WHERE x<5)
  SELECT x FROM c;
} {1 {syntax error after column name "x"}}

finish_test