SQLite

  BtCursor *pCrsr;
  int nKey;
  const char *zKey;

  assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
  pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
  assert( pC!=0 );
  rc = sqlite3VdbeSorterWrite(db, pC);
  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto abort_due_to_error;
  pIn2 = &aMem[pOp->p2];
  assert( pIn2->flags & MEM_Blob );
  pCrsr = pC->pCursor;
  if( ALWAYS(pCrsr!=0) ){
    assert( pC->isTable==0 );
    rc = ExpandBlob(pIn2);
    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
      nKey = pIn2->n;
      zKey = pIn2->z;
      rc = sqlite3VdbeSorterWrite(db, pC, nKey);
      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
      rc = sqlite3BtreeInsert(pCrsr, zKey, nKey, "", 0, 0, pOp->p3, 
          ((pOp->p5 & OPFLAG_USESEEKRESULT) ? pC->seekResult : 0)
      );
      assert( pC->deferredMoveto==0 );
        rc = sqlite3BtreeInsert(pCrsr, zKey, nKey, "", 0, 0, pOp->p3, 
            ((pOp->p5 & OPFLAG_USESEEKRESULT) ? pC->seekResult : 0)
        );
        assert( pC->deferredMoveto==0 );
      }
      pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
    }
  }
  break;
}

/* Opcode: IdxDelete P1 P2 P3 * *

int sqlite3VdbeMemGrow(Mem *pMem, int n, int preserve);
int sqlite3VdbeCloseStatement(Vdbe *, int);
void sqlite3VdbeFrameDelete(VdbeFrame*);
int sqlite3VdbeFrameRestore(VdbeFrame *);
void sqlite3VdbeMemStoreType(Mem *pMem);

int sqlite3VdbeSorterInit(sqlite3 *, VdbeCursor *);
int sqlite3VdbeSorterWrite(sqlite3 *, VdbeCursor *);
int sqlite3VdbeSorterWrite(sqlite3 *, VdbeCursor *, int);
void sqlite3VdbeSorterClose(sqlite3 *, VdbeCursor *);

int sqlite3VdbeSorterRowkey(sqlite3 *, VdbeCursor *, Mem *);
int sqlite3VdbeSorterRewind(sqlite3 *, VdbeCursor *, int *);
int sqlite3VdbeSorterNext(sqlite3 *, VdbeCursor *, int *);

#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_SHARED_CACHE) && SQLITE_THREADSAFE>0

**
** In other words, each time we advance to the next sorter element, log2(N)
** key comparison operations are required, where N is the number of segments
** being merged (rounded up to the next power of 2).
*/
struct VdbeSorter {
  int nWorking;                   /* Start a new b-tree after this many pages */
  int nBtree;                     /* Current size of b-tree contents as PMA */
  int nTree;                      /* Used size of aTree/aIter (power of 2) */
  VdbeSorterIter *aIter;          /* Array of iterators to merge */
  int *aTree;                     /* Current state of incremental merge */

  i64 iWriteOff;                  /* Current write offset within file pTemp1 */
  i64 iReadOff;                   /* Current read offset within file pTemp1 */
  sqlite3_file *pTemp1;           /* PMA file 1 */
  i64 *aOffset;                   /* Array of PMA offsets for file 1 */
  int nOffset;                    /* Size of aOffset[] array */
  int nPMA;                       /* Number of PMAs stored in pTemp1 */
};

/*
** The following type is an iterator for a PMA. It caches the current key in 
** variables nKey/aKey. If the iterator is at EOF, pFile==0.
*/
struct VdbeSorterIter {
  i64 iReadOff;                   /* Current read offset */
  i64 iEof;                       /* 1 byte past EOF for this iterator */
  sqlite3_file *pFile;            /* File iterator is reading from */
  int nAlloc;                     /* Bytes of space at aAlloc */
  u8 *aAlloc;                     /* Allocated space */
  int nKey;                       /* Number of bytes in key */
  u8 *aKey;                       /* Pointer to current key */
};

/* Minimum allowable value for the VdbeSorter.nWorking variable */
#define SORTER_MIN_SEGMENT_SIZE 10

/* Maximum number of segments to merge in a single go */
/* Maximum number of segments to merge in a single pass. */
#define SORTER_MAX_MERGE_COUNT 16

/*
** Append integer iOff to the VdbeSorter.aOffset[] array of the sorter object
** passed as the second argument. SQLITE_NOMEM is returned if an OOM error
** is encountered, or SQLITE_OK if no error occurs.
**
** TODO: The aOffset[] array may grow indefinitely. Fix this.
*/
static int vdbeSorterAppendOffset(sqlite3 *db, VdbeSorter *p, i64 iOff){
  p->aOffset = sqlite3DbReallocOrFree(
      db, p->aOffset, (p->nOffset+1)*sizeof(i64)
  );
  if( !p->aOffset ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
  p->aOffset[p->nOffset++] = iOff;
  return SQLITE_OK;
}

/*
** Free all memory belonging to the VdbeSorterIter object passed as the second
** argument. All structure fields are set to zero before returning.
*/
static void vdbeSorterIterZero(sqlite3 *db, VdbeSorterIter *pIter){
  sqlite3DbFree(db, pIter->aAlloc);
  memset(pIter, 0, sizeof(VdbeSorterIter));

  VdbeSorterIter *pIter           /* Iterator to advance */
){
  int rc;
  int nRead;
  int nRec;
  int iOff;

  assert( pIter->nAlloc>5 );
  nRead = pIter->iEof - pIter->iReadOff;
  if( nRead>5 ) nRead = 5;

  if( nRead<=0 ){
    vdbeSorterIterZero(db, pIter);
    return SQLITE_OK;
  }

  rc = sqlite3OsRead(pIter->pFile, pIter->aAlloc, nRead, pIter->iReadOff);
  iOff = getVarint32(pIter->aAlloc, nRec);

  assert( nRec>0 || rc!=SQLITE_OK );

  pIter->iReadOff += iOff+nRec;
  pIter->nKey = nRec;
  pIter->aKey = &pIter->aAlloc[iOff];
  return rc;
}

static int vdbeSorterWriteVarint(
  sqlite3_file *pFile, 
  i64 iVal, 
  i64 *piOffset
){
  u8 aVarint[9];                  /* Buffer large enough for a varint */
  int nVarint;                    /* Number of used bytes in varint */
  int rc;                         /* Result of write() call */

  nVarint = sqlite3PutVarint(aVarint, iVal);
  rc = sqlite3OsWrite(pFile, aVarint, nVarint, *piOffset);
  *piOffset += nVarint;

  return rc;
}

static int vdbeSorterReadVarint(
  sqlite3_file *pFile, 
  i64 iEof,                       /* Total number of bytes in file */
  i64 *piOffset,                  /* IN/OUT: Read offset */
  i64 *piVal                      /* OUT: Value read from file */
){
  u8 aVarint[9];                  /* Buffer large enough for a varint */
  i64 iOff = *piOffset;           /* Offset in file to read from */
  int nRead = 9;                  /* Number of bytes to read from file */
  int rc;                         /* Return code */

  assert( iEof>iOff );
  if( (iEof-iOff)<nRead ){
    nRead = iEof-iOff;
  }

  rc = sqlite3OsRead(pFile, aVarint, nRead, iOff);
  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
    *piOffset += getVarint(aVarint, (u64 *)piVal);
  }

  return rc;
}

/*
** Initialize iterator pIter to scan through the PMA stored in file pFile
** starting at offset iStart and ending at offset iEof-1. This function 
** leaves the iterator pointing to the first key in the PMA (or EOF if the 
** PMA is empty).
*/
static int vdbeSorterIterInit(
  sqlite3 *db,                    /* Database handle */
  sqlite3_file *pFile,            /* File that the PMA is stored in */
  VdbeSorter *pSorter,            /* Sorter object */
  i64 iStart,                     /* Start offset in pFile */
  i64 iEof,                       /* 1 byte past the end of the PMA in pFile */
  VdbeSorterIter *pIter           /* Iterator to populate */
  VdbeSorterIter *pIter,          /* Iterator to populate */
  i64 *pnByte                     /* IN/OUT: Increment this value by PMA size */
){
  int rc;
  i64 iEof = pSorter->iWriteOff;

  assert( iEof>iStart );
  assert( pIter->aAlloc==0 );
  pIter->pFile = pFile;
  pIter->pFile = pSorter->pTemp1;
  pIter->iEof = iEof;
  pIter->iReadOff = iStart;
  pIter->nAlloc = 128;
  pIter->aAlloc = (u8 *)sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, pIter->nAlloc);
  if( !pIter->aAlloc ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
  return vdbeSorterIterNext(db, pIter);
  if( !pIter->aAlloc ){
    rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
  }else{
    i64 nByte;
    rc = vdbeSorterReadVarint(pSorter->pTemp1, iEof, &pIter->iReadOff, &nByte);
    *pnByte += nByte;
    pIter->iEof = pIter->iReadOff + nByte;
  }
  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
    rc = vdbeSorterIterNext(db, pIter);
  }
  return rc;
}

/*
** This function is called to compare two iterator keys when merging 
** multiple b-tree segments. Parameter iOut is the index of the aTree[] 
** value to recalculate.
*/

        vdbeSorterIterZero(db, &pSorter->aIter[i]);
      }
      sqlite3DbFree(db, pSorter->aIter);
    }
    if( pSorter->pTemp1 ){
      sqlite3OsCloseFree(pSorter->pTemp1);
    }
    sqlite3DbFree(db, pSorter->aOffset);
    sqlite3DbFree(db, pSorter);
    pCsr->pSorter = 0;
  }
}

/*
** Allocate space for a file-handle and open a temporary file. If successful,
** set *ppFile to point to the malloc'd file-handle and return SQLITE_OK.
** Otherwise, set *ppFile to 0 and return an SQLite error code.
*/
static int vdbeSorterOpenTempFile(sqlite3 *db, sqlite3_file **ppFile){
  int dummy;
  return sqlite3OsOpenMalloc(db->pVfs, 0, ppFile,
      SQLITE_OPEN_TEMP_DB   |
      SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE | SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE |
      SQLITE_OPEN_EXCLUSIVE | SQLITE_OPEN_DELETEONCLOSE, &dummy
  );
}


/*
** Write the current contents of the b-tree to a PMA. Return SQLITE_OK
** if successful, or an SQLite error code otherwise.
*/
static int sorterBtreeToPma(sqlite3 *db, VdbeCursor *pCsr){
static int vdbeSorterBtreeToPMA(sqlite3 *db, VdbeCursor *pCsr){
  int rc = SQLITE_OK;             /* Return code */
  VdbeSorter *pSorter = pCsr->pSorter;
  i64 iWriteOff = pSorter->iWriteOff;
  int res = 0;
  void *aMalloc = 0;
  int nMalloc = 0;

  rc = sqlite3BtreeFirst(pCsr->pCursor, &res);
  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK || res ) return rc;

  /* If the first temporary PMA file has not been opened, open it now. */
  if( pSorter->pTemp1==0 ){
    rc = vdbeSorterOpenTempFile(db, &pSorter->pTemp1);
    assert( rc!=SQLITE_OK || pSorter->pTemp1 );
    assert( pSorter->iWriteOff==0 );
    assert( pSorter->nOffset==0 );
    assert( pSorter->nPMA==0 );
    assert( pSorter->aOffset==0 );
  }

  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){

    pSorter->nPMA++;

    /* Write a varint containg the size of the PMA in bytes into the file. */
    assert( pSorter->nBtree>0 );

    for(
      rc = vdbeSorterAppendOffset(db, pSorter, iWriteOff);
      rc = vdbeSorterWriteVarint(pSorter->pTemp1, pSorter->nBtree, &iWriteOff);
      rc==SQLITE_OK && res==0;
      rc = sqlite3BtreeNext(pCsr->pCursor, &res)
    ){
      i64 nKey;                   /* Size of this key in bytes */
      u8 aVarint[9];              /* Buffer containing varint(nKey) */
      int nVar;                   /* Number of bytes in aVarint[] used */

      (void)sqlite3BtreeKeySize(pCsr->pCursor, &nKey);
      nVar = sqlite3PutVarint(aVarint, nKey);
      
      /* Write the size of the record in bytes to the output file */
      rc = sqlite3OsWrite(pSorter->pTemp1, aVarint, nVar, iWriteOff);
      iWriteOff += nVar;
      (void)sqlite3BtreeKeySize(pCsr->pCursor, &nKey);
      rc = vdbeSorterWriteVarint(pSorter->pTemp1, nKey, &iWriteOff);

      /* Make sure the aMalloc[] buffer is large enough for the record */
      if( rc==SQLITE_OK && nKey>nMalloc ){
        aMalloc = sqlite3DbReallocOrFree(db, aMalloc, nKey);
        if( !aMalloc ){
          rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
        }
      }

      /* Write the record itself to the output file */
      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
        rc = sqlite3BtreeKey(pCsr->pCursor, 0, nKey, aMalloc);
        if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
          rc = sqlite3OsWrite(pSorter->pTemp1, aMalloc, nKey, iWriteOff);
          iWriteOff += nKey;
        }
      }

      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) break;
    }

    assert( pSorter->nBtree==(
          iWriteOff-pSorter->iWriteOff-sqlite3VarintLen(pSorter->nBtree)
    ));
    pSorter->iWriteOff = iWriteOff;
    sqlite3DbFree(db, aMalloc);
  }

  pSorter->nBtree = 0;
  return rc;
}

/*
** This function is called on a sorter cursor before each row is inserted.
** If the current b-tree being constructed is already considered "full",
** a new tree is started.
*/
int sqlite3VdbeSorterWrite(sqlite3 *db, VdbeCursor *pCsr){
int sqlite3VdbeSorterWrite(sqlite3 *db, VdbeCursor *pCsr, int nKey){
  int rc = SQLITE_OK;             /* Return code */
  VdbeSorter *pSorter = pCsr->pSorter;
  if( pSorter ){
    Pager *pPager = sqlite3BtreePager(pCsr->pBt);
    int nPage;                    /* Current size of temporary file in pages */

    sqlite3PagerPagecount(pPager, &nPage);

    ** segment b-tree.  */
    if( pSorter->nWorking && nPage>=pSorter->nWorking ){
      BtCursor *p = pCsr->pCursor;/* Cursor structure to close and reopen */
      int iRoot;                  /* Root page of new tree */

      /* Copy the current contents of the b-tree into a PMA in sorted order.
      ** Close the currently open b-tree cursor. */
      rc = sorterBtreeToPma(db, pCsr);
      rc = vdbeSorterBtreeToPMA(db, pCsr);
      sqlite3BtreeCloseCursor(p);

      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
        rc = sqlite3BtreeDropTable(pCsr->pBt, 2, 0);
#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
        sqlite3PagerPagecount(pPager, &nPage);
        assert( rc!=SQLITE_OK || nPage==1 );
#endif
      }
      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
        rc = sqlite3BtreeCreateTable(pCsr->pBt, &iRoot, BTREE_BLOBKEY);
      }
      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
        assert( iRoot==2 );
        rc = sqlite3BtreeCursor(pCsr->pBt, iRoot, 1, pCsr->pKeyInfo, p);
      }
    }

    pSorter->nBtree += sqlite3VarintLen(nKey) + nKey;
  }
  return rc;
}

/*
** Helper function for sqlite3VdbeSorterRewind().
*/
static int vdbeSorterInitMerge(
  sqlite3 *db,
  VdbeCursor *pCsr,
  int iFirst,
  int *piNext
  i64 *pnByte                     /* Sum of bytes in all opened PMAs */
){
  VdbeSorter *pSorter = pCsr->pSorter;
  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
  int i;
  int N = 2;
  int nIter;                      /* Number of iterators to initialize. */

  i64 nByte = 0;
  nIter = pSorter->nOffset - iFirst;
  if( nIter>SORTER_MAX_MERGE_COUNT ){
    nIter = SORTER_MAX_MERGE_COUNT;
  }
  assert( nIter>0 );
  while( N<nIter ) N += N;

  /* Allocate aIter[] and aTree[], if required. */
  if( pSorter->aIter==0 ){
    int nByte = N * (sizeof(int) + sizeof(VdbeSorterIter));
    pSorter->aIter = (VdbeSorterIter *)sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, nByte);
    if( !pSorter->aIter ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
    pSorter->aTree = (int *)&pSorter->aIter[N];
  }

  /* Initialize as many iterators as possible. */
  for(i=iFirst; 
      rc==SQLITE_OK && i<pSorter->nOffset && (i-iFirst)<SORTER_MAX_MERGE_COUNT; 
      rc==SQLITE_OK && i<pSorter->nPMA && (i-iFirst)<SORTER_MAX_MERGE_COUNT; 
      i++
  ){
    int iIter = i - iFirst;

    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
      VdbeSorterIter *pIter = &pSorter->aIter[iIter];
    VdbeSorterIter *pIter = &pSorter->aIter[i - iFirst];
      i64 iStart = pSorter->aOffset[i];
      i64 iEof;
      if( i==(pSorter->nOffset-1) ){
        iEof = pSorter->iWriteOff;
      }else{
        iEof = pSorter->aOffset[i+1];
      }
      rc = vdbeSorterIterInit(db, pSorter->pTemp1, iStart, iEof, pIter);
    rc = vdbeSorterIterInit(db, pSorter, pSorter->iReadOff, pIter, &nByte);
    }
  }
  *piNext = i;

    pSorter->iReadOff = pIter->iEof;
  }
  assert( i>iFirst );
  pSorter->nTree = N;

  /* Populate the aTree[] array. */
  for(i=N-1; rc==SQLITE_OK && i>0; i--){
  for(i=pSorter->nTree-1; rc==SQLITE_OK && i>0; i--){
    rc = vdbeSorterDoCompare(pCsr, i);
  }

  *pnByte = nByte;
  return rc;
}

/*
** Once the sorter has been populated, this function is called to prepare
** for iterating through its contents in sorted order.
*/
int sqlite3VdbeSorterRewind(sqlite3 *db, VdbeCursor *pCsr, int *pbEof){
  VdbeSorter *pSorter = pCsr->pSorter;
  int rc;                         /* Return code */
  sqlite3_file *pTemp2 = 0;       /* Second temp file to use */
  i64 iWrite2 = 0;                /* Write offset for pTemp2 */
  int nIter;                      /* Number of iterators used */
  int nByte;                      /* Bytes of space required for aIter/aTree */
  int N = 2;                      /* Power of 2 >= nIter */

  assert( pSorter );

  /* Write the current b-tree to a PMA. Close the b-tree cursor. */
  rc = sorterBtreeToPma(db, pCsr);
  rc = vdbeSorterBtreeToPMA(db, pCsr);
  sqlite3BtreeCloseCursor(pCsr->pCursor);
  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
  if( pSorter->nOffset==0 ){
  if( pSorter->nPMA==0 ){
    *pbEof = 1;
    return SQLITE_OK;
  }

  /* Allocate space for aIter[] and aTree[]. */
  nIter = pSorter->nPMA;
  if( nIter>SORTER_MAX_MERGE_COUNT ) nIter = SORTER_MAX_MERGE_COUNT;
  assert( nIter>0 );
  while( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
    int iNext = 0;                /* Index of next segment to open */
  while( N<nIter ) N += N;
  nByte = N * (sizeof(int) + sizeof(VdbeSorterIter));
  pSorter->aIter = (VdbeSorterIter *)sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, nByte);
  if( !pSorter->aIter ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
  pSorter->aTree = (int *)&pSorter->aIter[N];
  pSorter->nTree = N;

  do {
    int iNew = 0;                 /* Index of new, merged, PMA */

    do {
    for(iNew=0; rc==SQLITE_OK; iNew++){
      i64 nWrite;                 /* Number of bytes in new PMA */

      /* If there are SORTER_MAX_MERGE_COUNT or less PMAs in file pTemp1,
      ** initialize an iterator for each of them and break out of the loop.
      ** These iterators will be incrementally merged as the VDBE layer calls
      ** sqlite3VdbeSorterNext().
      **
      ** Otherwise, if pTemp1 contains more than SORTER_MAX_MERGE_COUNT PMAs,
      /* This call configures iterators for merging. */
      rc = vdbeSorterInitMerge(db, pCsr, iNext, &iNext);
      ** initialize interators for SORTER_MAX_MERGE_COUNT of them. These PMAs
      ** are merged into a single PMA that is written to file pTemp2.
      */
      rc = vdbeSorterInitMerge(db, pCsr, iNew*SORTER_MAX_MERGE_COUNT, &nWrite);
      assert( iNext>0 );
      assert( rc!=SQLITE_OK || pSorter->aIter[ pSorter->aTree[1] ].pFile );
      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK || pSorter->nPMA<=SORTER_MAX_MERGE_COUNT ){
        break;

      }
      if( rc==SQLITE_OK && (iNew>0 || iNext<pSorter->nOffset) ){
        int bEof = 0;

      /* Open the second temp file, if it is not already open. */
        if( pTemp2==0 ){
          rc = vdbeSorterOpenTempFile(db, &pTemp2);
        }
        if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
          pSorter->aOffset[iNew] = iWrite2;
        }
      if( pTemp2==0 ){
        assert( iWrite2==0 );
        rc = vdbeSorterOpenTempFile(db, &pTemp2);
      }

      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
        rc = vdbeSorterWriteVarint(pTemp2, nWrite, &iWrite2);
      }

      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
        int bEof = 0;
        while( rc==SQLITE_OK && bEof==0 ){
          int nByte;
          VdbeSorterIter *pIter = &pSorter->aIter[ pSorter->aTree[1] ];
          assert( pIter->pFile );
          nByte = pIter->nKey + sqlite3VarintLen(pIter->nKey);
          rc = sqlite3OsWrite(pTemp2, pIter->aAlloc, nByte, iWrite2);
          iWrite2 += nByte;
          if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
            rc = sqlite3VdbeSorterNext(db, pCsr, &bEof);
          }
        }
        iNew++;
      }
    }while( rc==SQLITE_OK && iNext<pSorter->nOffset );

    if( iNew==0 ){
    }

    if( pSorter->nPMA<=SORTER_MAX_MERGE_COUNT ){
      break;
    }else{
      sqlite3_file *pTmp = pSorter->pTemp1;
      pSorter->nOffset = iNew;
      pSorter->nPMA = iNew;
      pSorter->pTemp1 = pTemp2;
      pTemp2 = pTmp;
      pSorter->iWriteOff = iWrite2;
      pSorter->iReadOff = 0;
      iWrite2 = 0;
    }
  }
  }while( rc==SQLITE_OK );

  if( pTemp2 ){
    sqlite3OsCloseFree(pTemp2);
  }

  *pbEof = (pSorter->aIter[pSorter->aTree[1]].pFile==0);
  return rc;
}

/*
** Advance to the next element in the sorter.
*/