SQLite

In the following SQL, the final SELECT statement should return just a single row, but beginning in SQLite 3.8.6 it returns 3 rows:

CREATE TABLE x1(a);
INSERT INTO x1 VALUES(1);
CREATE TABLE x2(b NOT NULL);    -- Remove the NOT NULL and things work
CREATE TABLE x3(c, d);
INSERT INTO x3 VALUES('a', NULL);
INSERT INTO x3 VALUES('b', NULL);
INSERT INTO x3 VALUES('c', NULL);
SELECT * FROM x1 LEFT JOIN x2 LEFT JOIN x3 ON x3.d = x2.b;

As the comment states, removing the NOT NULL constraint on the x2.b column causes the output to be correct.

The problem appears to have been introduced by checkin [952868216854e83] on 2014-08-05.

The problem was that the query planner was using NOT NULL constraints on table columns to optimize out certain operations. However, for the right-hand table of a LEFT JOIN, any column can be NULL despite having a NOT NULL constraint. The sqlite3ExprCanBeNull() routine in the query planner had to be enhanced to recognize that corner case.