SQLite

      pExpr->op = TK_COLUMN;
      pExpr->y.pTab = pItem->pTab;
      pExpr->iTable = pItem->iCursor;
      pExpr->iColumn--;
      pExpr->affExpr = SQLITE_AFF_INTEGER;
      break;
    }

    /* An "<expr> IS NOT NULL" or "<expr> IS NULL". After resolving the
    ** LHS, check if there is a NOT NULL constraint in the schema that
    ** means the value of the expression can be determined immediately.
    ** If that is the case, replace the current expression node with 
    ** a TK_TRUEFALSE node.
    **
    ** If the node is replaced with a TK_TRUEFALSE node, then also restore
    ** the NameContext ref-counts to the state they where in before the
    ** LHS expression was resolved. This prevents the current select
    ** from being erroneously marked as correlated in some cases.
    */
    case TK_NOTNULL:
    case TK_ISNULL: {
      int anRef[8];
      NameContext *p;
      int i;
      for(i=0, p=pNC; p && i<ArraySize(anRef); p=p->pNext, i++){ 
        anRef[i] = p->nRef;
      }
      sqlite3WalkExpr(pWalker, pExpr->pLeft);
      if( 0==sqlite3ExprCanBeNull(pExpr->pLeft) ){
        if( pExpr->op==TK_NOTNULL ){
          pExpr->u.zToken = "true";
          ExprSetProperty(pExpr, EP_IsTrue);
        }else{
          pExpr->u.zToken = "false";
          ExprSetProperty(pExpr, EP_IsFalse);
        }
        pExpr->op = TK_TRUEFALSE;
        for(i=0, p=pNC; p && i<ArraySize(anRef); p=p->pNext, i++){
          p->nRef = anRef[i];
        }
        sqlite3ExprDelete(pParse->db, pExpr->pLeft);
        pExpr->pLeft = 0;
      }
      return WRC_Prune;
    }

    /* A column name:                    ID
    ** Or table name and column name:    ID.ID
    ** Or a database, table and column:  ID.ID.ID
    **
    ** The TK_ID and TK_OUT cases are combined so that there will only
    ** be one call to lookupName().  Then the compiler will in-line 

** This happens when a LEFT JOIN is simplified into an ordinary JOIN.
*/
static void unsetJoinExpr(Expr *p, int iTable){
  while( p ){
    if( ExprHasProperty(p, EP_FromJoin)
     && (iTable<0 || p->iRightJoinTable==iTable) ){
      ExprClearProperty(p, EP_FromJoin);
    }
    if( p->op==TK_COLUMN && p->iTable==iTable ){
      ExprClearProperty(p, EP_CanBeNull);
    }
    if( p->op==TK_FUNCTION && p->x.pList ){
      int i;
      for(i=0; i<p->x.pList->nExpr; i++){
        unsetJoinExpr(p->x.pList->a[i].pExpr, iTable);
      }
    }

      pNew->wtFlags |= exprCommute(pParse, pDup);
      pNew->leftCursor = aiCurCol[0];
      pNew->u.x.leftColumn = aiCurCol[1];
      testcase( (prereqLeft | extraRight) != prereqLeft );
      pNew->prereqRight = prereqLeft | extraRight;
      pNew->prereqAll = prereqAll;
      pNew->eOperator = (operatorMask(pDup->op) + eExtraOp) & opMask;
    }else if( op==TK_ISNULL && 0==sqlite3ExprCanBeNull(pLeft) ){
      pExpr->op = TK_TRUEFALSE;
      ExprSetProperty(pExpr, EP_IsFalse);
      pTerm->prereqAll = 0;
      pTerm->eOperator = 0;
    }
  }

#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_BETWEEN_OPTIMIZATION
  /* If a term is the BETWEEN operator, create two new virtual terms
  ** that define the range that the BETWEEN implements.  For example:
  **

# 2021 February 15
#
# The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
# a legal notice, here is a blessing:
#
#    May you do good and not evil.
#    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
#    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
#
#***********************************************************************
# This file implements regression tests for SQLite library.  The
# focus of this file is testing optimizations associated with "IS NULL"
# and "IS NOT NULL" operators on columns with NOT NULL constraints.
#

set testdir [file dirname $argv0]
source $testdir/tester.tcl
set testprefix notnull2

do_execsql_test 1.0 {
  CREATE TABLE t1(a, b);
  CREATE TABLE t2(c, d NOT NULL);

  WITH x(i) AS (
    SELECT 1 UNION ALL SELECT i+1 FROM x WHERE i<1000
  )
  INSERT INTO t1 SELECT i, i FROM x;
  INSERT INTO t2 SELECT * FROM t1;
}

proc do_vmstep_test {tn sql nstep {res {}}} {
  uplevel [list do_execsql_test $tn.0 $sql $res]

  set vmstep [db status vmstep]
  if {[string range $nstep 0 0]=="+"} {
    set body "if {$vmstep<$nstep} {
      error \"got $vmstep, expected more than [string range $nstep 1 end]\"
    }"
  } else {
    set body "if {$vmstep>$nstep} {
      error \"got $vmstep, expected less than $nstep\"
    }"
  }

  # set name "$tn.vmstep=$vmstep,expect=$nstep"
  set name "$tn.1"
  uplevel [list do_test $name $body {}]
}

do_vmstep_test 1.1.1 {
  SELECT * FROM t1 LEFT JOIN t2 WHERE a=c AND d IS NULL;
} 100 {}
do_vmstep_test 1.1.2 {
  SELECT * FROM t1 LEFT JOIN t2 WHERE a=c AND c IS NULL;
} +1000 {}

do_vmstep_test 1.2.1 {
  SELECT * FROM ( SELECT * FROM t2 ) WHERE d IS NULL
} 100 {}
do_vmstep_test 1.2.2 {
  SELECT * FROM ( SELECT * FROM t2 ) WHERE c IS NULL
} +1000 {}

do_vmstep_test 1.3.1 {
  SELECT * FROM t2 WHERE d IS NULL
} 100 {}
do_vmstep_test 1.3.2 {
  SELECT * FROM t2 WHERE c IS NULL
} +1000 {}

do_vmstep_test 1.4.1 {
  SELECT (d IS NOT NULL) FROM t2 WHERE 0==( d IS NOT NULL )
} 100 {}
do_vmstep_test 1.4.2 {
  SELECT * FROM t2 WHERE 0==( c IS NOT NULL )
} +1000 {}

do_vmstep_test 1.5.1 {
  SELECT count(*) FROM t2 WHERE EXISTS(
    SELECT t2.d IS NULL FROM t1 WHERE t1.a=450
  )
} 10000 {1000}
do_vmstep_test 1.5.2 {
  SELECT count(*) FROM t2 WHERE EXISTS(
    SELECT t2.c IS NULL FROM t1 WHERE t1.a=450
  )
} +100000 {1000}


finish_test