** to SQLite version 3.3.0 it probably was not worth the trouble.  But
** with SQLite version 3.3.0 and beyond you can get significant performance
** and concurrency improvements and memory usage reductions by going
** client/server.
**
** Note:  The extra features of version 3.3.0 described by points (2)
** through (4) above are only available if you compile without the
** option -DSQLITE_OMIT_SHARED_CACHE.  For reasons of backwards
** compatibility, SQLite is compile with this option by default.
**
** Here is how the client/server approach works:  The database server
** thread is started on this procedure:
**
**       void *sqlite3_server(void *NotUsed);
**
** The sqlite_server procedure runs as long as the g.serverHalt variable
................................................................................
**        sqlite3_prepare
**        sqlite3_step
**        sqlite3_reset
**        sqlite3_finalize
**        sqlite3_close
**
** Clients should use the following client-side routines instead of 
** the core routines.
**
**        sqlite3_client_open
**        sqlite3_client_prepare
**        sqlite3_client_step
**        sqlite3_client_reset
**        sqlite3_client_finalize
**        sqlite3_client_close

** to SQLite version 3.3.0 it probably was not worth the trouble.  But
** with SQLite version 3.3.0 and beyond you can get significant performance
** and concurrency improvements and memory usage reductions by going
** client/server.
**
** Note:  The extra features of version 3.3.0 described by points (2)
** through (4) above are only available if you compile without the
** option -DSQLITE_OMIT_SHARED_CACHE. 

**
** Here is how the client/server approach works:  The database server
** thread is started on this procedure:
**
**       void *sqlite3_server(void *NotUsed);
**
** The sqlite_server procedure runs as long as the g.serverHalt variable
................................................................................
**        sqlite3_prepare
**        sqlite3_step
**        sqlite3_reset
**        sqlite3_finalize
**        sqlite3_close
**
** Clients should use the following client-side routines instead of 
** the core routines above.
**
**        sqlite3_client_open
**        sqlite3_client_prepare
**        sqlite3_client_step
**        sqlite3_client_reset
**        sqlite3_client_finalize
**        sqlite3_client_close

**    May you do good and not evil.
**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
**
*************************************************************************
**
** This file contains an example implementation of an asynchronous IO 
** backend for SQLite. It is used to test that the concept of asynchronous 
** IO in SQLite is valid.























































*/

#include "sqliteInt.h"
#include "os.h"
#include <tcl.h>


#ifndef THREADSAFE
# define THREADSAFE 0
#endif

/*
** This test uses pthreads and hence only works on unix and with
** a threadsafe build of SQLite.



*/
#if OS_UNIX && THREADSAFE && defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_REDEF_IO)






#include <pthread.h>
#include <sched.h>


#define MIN(x,y) ((x)<(y)?(x):(y))
#define MAX(x,y) ((x)>(y)?(x):(y))


typedef struct AsyncWrite AsyncWrite;
typedef struct AsyncFile AsyncFile;


#if 0
# define TRACE(X,Y) \
    fprintf(stderr,"THRD=%d: ", (int)pthread_self()); \
    fprintf(stderr,X,Y);
#else
# define TRACE(X,Y) /* noop */
#endif

/*
** TODO:
**     * File locks...
*/

/*
** THREAD SAFETY NOTES
**
** Basic rules:
**
**     * Both read and write access to the global write-op queue must be 
**       protected by the async.queueMutex.
**
**     * The file handles from the underlying system are assumed not to 
**       be thread safe.
**
**     * See the last paragraph under "sqlite3_async_flush() Threads" for
**       an assumption to do with file-handle synchronization by the Os.
**
** File system operations (invoked by SQLite thread):
**
**     xOpenXXX (three versions)
**     xDelete
**     xFileExists
**     xSyncDirectory
**
** File handle operations (invoked by SQLite thread):
**
**     The following operations add an entry to the global write-op list. They
**     prepare the entry, acquire the mutex momentarily while list pointers are 
**     manipulated to insert the new entry, and release the mutex.
**    
**         asyncWrite, asyncClose, asyncTruncate, asyncSync, 
**         asyncSetFullSync, asyncOpenDirectory.
**    
**     Read operations. Both of these read from both the underlying file and
**     the write-op list. So we grab the mutex for the whole call (even 
**     while performing a blocking read on the file).


**    

**         asyncRead, asyncFileSize.
**    









**     These locking primitives become no-ops. Files are always opened for 
**     exclusive access when using this IO backend:
**    
**         asyncLock, asyncUnlock, asyncLockState, asyncCheckReservedLock


**    
**     The sqlite3OsFileHandle() function is currently only used when 
**     debugging the pager module. Unless sqlite3OsClose() is called on the
**     file (shouldn't be possible for other reasons), the underlying 
**     implementations are safe to call without grabbing any mutex. So we just
**     go ahead and call it no matter what any other thread is doing.
**

**         asyncFileHandle.
**
**     Calling this method just manipulates the AsyncFile.iOffset variable. 
**     Since this variable is never accessed by writer thread, this
**     function does not require the mutex.  Actual calls to OsSeek() take 
**     place just before OsWrite() or OsRead(), which are always protected by 
**     the mutex.
**    
**         asyncSeek.
**
** The writer thread:
**
**     The async.writerMutex is used to make sure only there is only
**     a single writer thread running at a time.
**
**     Inside the writer thread is a loop that works like this:
................................................................................
**             Do IO operation at head of write-op list
**             Remove entry from head of write-op list
**         END WHILE
**
**     The async.queueMutex is always held during the <write-op list is 
**     not empty> test, and when the entry is removed from the head
**     of the write-op list. Sometimes it is held for the interim
**     period (while the IO is  performed), and sometimes it is
**     relinquished. It is relinquished if (a) the IO op is an
**     ASYNC_CLOSE or (b) when the file handle was opened, two of
**     the underlying systems handles were opened on the same
**     file-system entry.
**
**     If condition (b) above is true, then one file-handle 
**     (AsyncFile.pBaseRead) is used exclusively by sqlite threads to read the
................................................................................
#define ASYNC_SETFULLSYNC   6

#define ASYNC_DELETE        7
#define ASYNC_OPENEXCLUSIVE 8
#define ASYNC_SYNCDIRECTORY 9

/*



** The interpretation of the iOffset and nByte variables varies depending 
** on the value of AsyncWrite.op:
**
** ASYNC_WRITE:
**     iOffset -> Offset in file to write to.
**     nByte   -> Number of bytes of data to write (pointed to by zBuf).
**
................................................................................
  i64 iOffset;         /* Current seek() offset in file */
  OsFile *pBaseRead;   /* Read handle to the underlying Os file */
  OsFile *pBaseWrite;  /* Write handle to the underlying Os file */
};

/*
** Add an entry to the end of the global write-op list. pWrite should point 
** to an AsyncWrite structure allocated using sqliteMalloc(). A future call 
** to sqlite3_async_flush() is responsible for calling sqliteFree().

**
** Once an AsyncWrite structure has been added to the list, it must not be
** read or modified by the caller (in case another thread calls
** sqlite3_async_flush() ).

*/
static void addAsyncWrite(AsyncWrite *pWrite){

  pthread_mutex_lock(&async.queueMutex);


  assert( !pWrite->pNext );
  if( async.pQueueLast ){
    assert( async.pQueueFirst );
    async.pQueueLast->pNext = pWrite;
  }else{
    async.pQueueFirst = pWrite;
  }
  async.pQueueLast = pWrite;
  TRACE("PUSH %p\n", pWrite);


  pthread_mutex_unlock(&async.queueMutex);



  pthread_cond_signal(&async.queueSignal);
}

/*
** This is a utility function to allocate and populate a new AsyncWrite
** structure and insert it (via addAsyncWrite() ) into the global list.
*/
................................................................................
static void asyncSetFullSync(OsFile *id, int value){
  addNewAsyncWrite((AsyncFile *)id, ASYNC_SETFULLSYNC, 0, value, 0);
}

/*
** Read data from the file. First we read from the filesystem, then adjust 
** the contents of the buffer based on ASYNC_WRITE operations in the 
** write-op queue. Todo: Do we need to think about ASYNC_TRUNCATE in 
** this method as well?
**
** This method holds the mutex from start to finish.
*/
static int asyncRead(OsFile *id, void *obuf, int amt){
  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
  i64 filesize;
  int nRead;
................................................................................
** Return the operating system file handle. This is only used for debugging 
** at the moment anyway.
*/
static int asyncFileHandle(OsFile *id){
  return sqlite3OsFileHandle(((AsyncFile *)id)->pBaseRead);
}





static int asyncLock(OsFile *id, int lockType){
  return SQLITE_OK;
}
static int asyncUnlock(OsFile *id, int lockType){
  return SQLITE_OK;
}

................................................................................
*/
static int asyncLockState(OsFile *id){
  return SQLITE_OK;
}

/*
** The following variables hold pointers to the original versions of
** certain OS-layer interface routines - routines that this module
** overrides.
*/
static int (*xOrigOpenReadWrite)(const char*, OsFile**, int*) = 0;
static int (*xOrigOpenExclusive)(const char*, OsFile**, int) = 0;
static int (*xOrigOpenReadOnly)(const char*, OsFile**) = 0;
static int (*xOrigDelete)(const char*) = 0;
static int (*xOrigFileExists)(const char*) = 0;
static int (*xOrigSyncDirectory)(const char*) = 0;






static int asyncOpenFile(
  const char *zName, 
  OsFile **pFile, 
  OsFile *pBaseRead,
  int openSecondFile

){
  int rc;
  AsyncFile *p;
  OsFile *pBaseWrite = 0;

  static IoMethod iomethod = {
    asyncClose,
................................................................................
    asyncFileSize,
    asyncLock,
    asyncUnlock,
    asyncLockState,
    asyncCheckReservedLock
  };

  if( openSecondFile && SQLITE_ASYNC_TWO_FILEHANDLES ){
    int dummy;
    rc = xOrigOpenReadWrite(zName, &pBaseWrite, &dummy);
    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
      goto error_out;
    }
  }

**    May you do good and not evil.
**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
**
*************************************************************************
**
** This file contains an example implementation of an asynchronous IO 
** backend for SQLite.
**
** WHAT IS ASYNCHRONOUS I/O?
**
** With asynchronous I/O, write requests are handled by a separate thread
** running in the background.  This means that the thread that initiates
** a database write does not have to wait for (sometimes slow) disk I/O
** to occur.  The write seems to happen very quickly, though in reality
** it is happening at its usual slow pace in the background.
**
** Asynchronous I/O appears to give better responsiveness, but at a price.
** You lose the Durable property.  With the default I/O backend of SQLite,
** once a write completes, you know that the information you wrote is
** safely on disk.  With the asynchronous I/O, this is no the case.  If
** your program crashes or if you take a power lose after the database
** write but before the asynchronous write thread has completed, then the
** database change might never make it to disk and the next user of the
** database might not see your change.
**
** You lose Durability with asynchronous I/O, but you still retain the
** other parts of ACID:  Atomic,  Consistent, and Isolated.  Many
** appliations get along fine without the Durablity.
**
** HOW IT WORKS
**
** Asynchronous I/O works by overloading the OS-layer disk I/O routines
** with modified versions that store the data to be written in queue of
** pending write operations.  Look at the asyncEnable() subroutine to see
** how overloading works.  Six os-layer routines are overloaded:
**
**     sqlite3OsOpenReadWrite;
**     sqlite3OsOpenReadOnly;
**     sqlite3OsOpenExclusive;
**     sqlite3OsDelete;
**     sqlite3OsFileExists;
**     sqlite3OsSyncDirectory;
**
** The original implementations of these routines are saved and are
** used by the writer thread to do the real I/O.  The substitute
** implementations typically put the I/O operation on a queue
** to be handled later by the writer thread, though read operations
** must be handled right away, obviously.
**
** Asynchronous I/O is disabled by setting the os-layer interface routines
** back to their original values.
**
** LIMITATIONS
**
** This demonstration code is deliberately kept simple in order to keep
** the main ideas clear and easy to understand.  Real applications that
** want to do asynchronous I/O might want to add additional capabilities.
** For example, in this demonstration if writes are happening at a steady
** stream that exceeds the I/O capability of the background writer thread,
** the queue of pending write operations will grow without bound until we
** run out of memory.  Users of this technique may want to keep track of
** the quantity of pending writes and stop accepting new write requests
** when the buffer gets to be too big.
*/

#include "sqliteInt.h"
#include "os.h"
#include <tcl.h>

/* If the THREADSAFE macro is not set, assume that it is turned off. */
#ifndef THREADSAFE
# define THREADSAFE 0
#endif

/*
** This test uses pthreads and hence only works on unix and with
** a threadsafe build of SQLite.  It also requires that the redefinable
** I/O feature of SQLite be turned on.  This feature is turned off by
** default.  If a required element is missing, almost all of the code
** in this file is commented out.
*/
#if OS_UNIX && THREADSAFE && defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_REDEF_IO)

/*
** This demo uses pthreads.  If you do not have a pthreads implementation
** for your operating system, you will need to recode the threading 
** logic.
*/
#include <pthread.h>
#include <sched.h>

/* Useful macros used in several places */
#define MIN(x,y) ((x)<(y)?(x):(y))
#define MAX(x,y) ((x)>(y)?(x):(y))

/* Forward references */
typedef struct AsyncWrite AsyncWrite;
typedef struct AsyncFile AsyncFile;

/* Enable for debugging */
#if 0
# define TRACE(X,Y) \
    fprintf(stderr,"THRD=%d: ", (int)pthread_self()); \
    fprintf(stderr,X,Y);
#else
# define TRACE(X,Y) /* noop */
#endif






/*
** THREAD SAFETY NOTES
**
** Basic rules:
**
**     * Both read and write access to the global write-op queue must be 
**       protected by the async.queueMutex.
**
**     * The file handles from the underlying system are assumed not to 
**       be thread safe.
**
**     * See the last two paragraphs under "The Writer Thread" for
**       an assumption to do with file-handle synchronization by the Os.
**
** File system operations (invoked by SQLite thread):
**
**     xOpenXXX (three versions)
**     xDelete
**     xFileExists
**     xSyncDirectory
**
** File handle operations (invoked by SQLite thread):
**




**         asyncWrite, asyncClose, asyncTruncate, asyncSync, 
**         asyncSetFullSync, asyncOpenDirectory.
**    
**     The operations above add an entry to the global write-op list. They
**     prepare the entry, acquire the async.queueMutex momentarily while
**     list pointers are  manipulated to insert the new entry, then release
**     the mutex and signal the writer thread to wake up in case it happens
**     to be asleep.
**
**    
**         asyncRead, asyncFileSize.
**
**     Read operations. Both of these read from both the underlying file
**     first then adjust their result based on pending writes in the 
**     write-op queue.   So async.queueMutex is held for the duration
**     of these operations to prevent other threads from changing the
**     queue in mid operation.
**    
**
**         asyncLock, asyncUnlock, asyncLockState, asyncCheckReservedLock
**    
**     These locking primitives become no-ops. Files are always opened for 
**     exclusive access when using this IO backend.  
**

**
**         asyncFileHandle.
**    
**     The sqlite3OsFileHandle() function is currently only used when 
**     debugging the pager module. Unless sqlite3OsClose() is called on the
**     file (shouldn't be possible for other reasons), the underlying 
**     implementations are safe to call without grabbing any mutex. So we just
**     go ahead and call it no matter what any other threads are doing.
**
**    
**         asyncSeek.
**
**     Calling this method just manipulates the AsyncFile.iOffset variable. 
**     Since this variable is never accessed by writer thread, this
**     function does not require the mutex.  Actual calls to OsSeek() take 
**     place just before OsWrite() or OsRead(), which are always protected by 
**     the mutex.


**
** The writer thread:
**
**     The async.writerMutex is used to make sure only there is only
**     a single writer thread running at a time.
**
**     Inside the writer thread is a loop that works like this:
................................................................................
**             Do IO operation at head of write-op list
**             Remove entry from head of write-op list
**         END WHILE
**
**     The async.queueMutex is always held during the <write-op list is 
**     not empty> test, and when the entry is removed from the head
**     of the write-op list. Sometimes it is held for the interim
**     period (while the IO is performed), and sometimes it is
**     relinquished. It is relinquished if (a) the IO op is an
**     ASYNC_CLOSE or (b) when the file handle was opened, two of
**     the underlying systems handles were opened on the same
**     file-system entry.
**
**     If condition (b) above is true, then one file-handle 
**     (AsyncFile.pBaseRead) is used exclusively by sqlite threads to read the
................................................................................
#define ASYNC_SETFULLSYNC   6

#define ASYNC_DELETE        7
#define ASYNC_OPENEXCLUSIVE 8
#define ASYNC_SYNCDIRECTORY 9

/*
** Entries on the write-op queue are instances of the AsyncWrite
** structure, defined here.
**
** The interpretation of the iOffset and nByte variables varies depending 
** on the value of AsyncWrite.op:
**
** ASYNC_WRITE:
**     iOffset -> Offset in file to write to.
**     nByte   -> Number of bytes of data to write (pointed to by zBuf).
**
................................................................................
  i64 iOffset;         /* Current seek() offset in file */
  OsFile *pBaseRead;   /* Read handle to the underlying Os file */
  OsFile *pBaseWrite;  /* Write handle to the underlying Os file */
};

/*
** Add an entry to the end of the global write-op list. pWrite should point 
** to an AsyncWrite structure allocated using sqlite3OsMalloc().  The writer
** thread will call sqlite3OsFree() to free the structure after the specified
** operation has been completed.
**
** Once an AsyncWrite structure has been added to the list, it becomes the

** property of the writer thread and must not be read or modified by the
** caller.  
*/
static void addAsyncWrite(AsyncWrite *pWrite){
  /* We must hold the queue mutex in order to modify the queue pointers */
  pthread_mutex_lock(&async.queueMutex);

  /* Add the record to the end of the write-op queue */
  assert( !pWrite->pNext );
  if( async.pQueueLast ){
    assert( async.pQueueFirst );
    async.pQueueLast->pNext = pWrite;
  }else{
    async.pQueueFirst = pWrite;
  }
  async.pQueueLast = pWrite;
  TRACE("PUSH %p\n", pWrite);

  /* Drop the queue mutex */
  pthread_mutex_unlock(&async.queueMutex);

  /* The writer thread might have been idle because there was nothing
  ** on the write-op queue for it to do.  So wake it up. */
  pthread_cond_signal(&async.queueSignal);
}

/*
** This is a utility function to allocate and populate a new AsyncWrite
** structure and insert it (via addAsyncWrite() ) into the global list.
*/
................................................................................
static void asyncSetFullSync(OsFile *id, int value){
  addNewAsyncWrite((AsyncFile *)id, ASYNC_SETFULLSYNC, 0, value, 0);
}

/*
** Read data from the file. First we read from the filesystem, then adjust 
** the contents of the buffer based on ASYNC_WRITE operations in the 
** write-op queue.

**
** This method holds the mutex from start to finish.
*/
static int asyncRead(OsFile *id, void *obuf, int amt){
  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
  i64 filesize;
  int nRead;
................................................................................
** Return the operating system file handle. This is only used for debugging 
** at the moment anyway.
*/
static int asyncFileHandle(OsFile *id){
  return sqlite3OsFileHandle(((AsyncFile *)id)->pBaseRead);
}

/*
** No file locking occurs with this version of the asynchronous backend.
** So the locking routines are no-ops.
*/
static int asyncLock(OsFile *id, int lockType){
  return SQLITE_OK;
}
static int asyncUnlock(OsFile *id, int lockType){
  return SQLITE_OK;
}

................................................................................
*/
static int asyncLockState(OsFile *id){
  return SQLITE_OK;
}

/*
** The following variables hold pointers to the original versions of
** OS-layer interface routines that are overloaded in order to create
** the asynchronous I/O backend.
*/
static int (*xOrigOpenReadWrite)(const char*, OsFile**, int*) = 0;
static int (*xOrigOpenExclusive)(const char*, OsFile**, int) = 0;
static int (*xOrigOpenReadOnly)(const char*, OsFile**) = 0;
static int (*xOrigDelete)(const char*) = 0;
static int (*xOrigFileExists)(const char*) = 0;
static int (*xOrigSyncDirectory)(const char*) = 0;


/*
** This routine does most of the work of opening a file and building
** the OsFile structure.
*/
static int asyncOpenFile(
  const char *zName,     /* The name of the file to be opened */
  OsFile **pFile,        /* Put the OsFile structure here */
  OsFile *pBaseRead,     /* The real OsFile from the real I/O routine */

  int openForWriting     /* Open a second file handle for writing if true */
){
  int rc;
  AsyncFile *p;
  OsFile *pBaseWrite = 0;

  static IoMethod iomethod = {
    asyncClose,
................................................................................
    asyncFileSize,
    asyncLock,
    asyncUnlock,
    asyncLockState,
    asyncCheckReservedLock
  };

  if( openForWriting && SQLITE_ASYNC_TWO_FILEHANDLES ){
    int dummy;
    rc = xOrigOpenReadWrite(zName, &pBaseWrite, &dummy);
    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
      goto error_out;
    }
  }