Consider the following program:

PRAGMA encoding = 'UTF-16';
CREATE TABLE t0 (c1 TEXT );
INSERT INTO t0 VALUES ('');
CREATE INDEX i0 ON t0(c1);
ANALYZE;
SELECT * FROM t0 WHERE t0.c1 BETWEEN '' AND (ABS(''));

The following assertion failure triggers with this program only in JDBC driver which is compiled with -DSQLITE_DEBUG=1 option. It executes normally in CLI.

java: target/sqlite-3.41.2-Linux-x86_64/sqlite3.c:81897: valueFromFunction: Assertion `enc==pVal->enc || (pVal->flags & MEM_Str)==0 || db->mallocFailed' failed.

I write a Java program to reproduce this assertion failure:

package reproduce;

import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.Statement;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;

public class reproduce {
    private static final String DRIVER_NAME = "org.sqlite.JDBC";
    private static final String URL = "jdbc:sqlite:test.db";
    private static Connection connection;
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        try {
            Class.forName(DRIVER_NAME);
            connection = DriverManager.getConnection(URL);
        } catch (Exception e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
            connection = null;
        }
        List<String> program = new ArrayList<>();
        program.add("PRAGMA encoding = 'UTF-16';");
        program.add("CREATE TABLE t0 (c1 TEXT );");
        program.add("INSERT INTO t0 VALUES ('');");
        program.add("CREATE INDEX i0 ON t0(c1);");
        program.add("ANALYZE;");
        program.add("SELECT * FROM t0 WHERE t0.c1 BETWEEN '' AND (ABS(''));");

        try (Statement statement = connection.createStatement()){
            for(String script: program) {
                try {
                    statement.execute(script);
                } catch (Exception e) {
                    System.out.println(e.getMessage());
                }
            }
        }catch (Exception e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
}