I found an assertion failure while SQLite (latest, bcd51abee0b0f82b) executes the following queries.

CREATE TABLE v0 (T, c0);
CREATE INDEX i ON v0 (c0, +c0 COLLATE NOCASE);
SELECT 1 FROM v0 AS a0 WHERE (SELECT count(a0.c0 IS +a0.c0 COLLATE NOCASE IN (SELECT c0)) FROM v0 GROUP BY 10000000000) ORDER BY a0.c0;

Here are the outputs:

sqlite3: sqlite3.c:106157: sqlite3ExprSkipCollateAndLikely: Assertion `pExpr->op==TK_COLLATE' failed.
[1]    536319 abort      ./sqlite3 < poc

Here is the result of bisecting:

 11 BAD     2022-11-25 16:10:48 b9190d3da70c4171 CURRENT
 10 GOOD    2022-11-25 15:52:00 1ad41840c5e0fa70

The assertion failure may be caused by the optimizations. SQLite crashes by default with all optimizations enabled. If I disable the SQLITE_IndexedExpr optimization, SQLite works well.

.testctrl optimizations 0x01000000;

My compilation flags:

    export CFLAGS="-g -O0 -DSQLITE_DEBUG 
                -DSQLITE_ENABLE_TREETRACE 
                -DSQLITE_ENABLE_WHERETRACE
                -DSQLITE_ENABLE_CURSOR_HINTS 
                -DSQLITE_COUNTOFVIEW_OPTIMIZATION 
                -DSQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4"