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Is there a non-trigger way to format data on INSERT/UPDATE?
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You can make the text contents of the column case-insensitive by declaring the column to have the NOCASE collating sequence:

```
create table x
(
  x text collate nocase
);
```

column x still contains whatever you put into it exactly, but ASCII text will be case insensitive for the purposes of comparison (which includes indexing).

So for replacement of characters within a field, no.  You must do that yourself.